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IDOR (Insecure Direct Object Reference) vulnerabilities occur when objects are accessible solely by manipulating identifiers in URLs, and missing access controls allow attackers to view or modify unauthorized data.
Using UUIDs instead of sequential IDs makes brute-forcing object references harder but does not enforce authorization, so leaked or shared UUID-based URLs still expose sensitive resources. Proper mitigation requires always performing access checks for every request, such as routing access through an authenticated application layer or using expiring, pre-signed links with private storage.